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In the context of a road bike, both brake pads and brake shoes are key components of the braking system. 

They are responsible for generating friction and applying pressure on the wheel rims to slow down or stop the bike's motion. While they serve the same purpose, the difference lies in their design and how they are attached to the bike.

Brake Pads:

Brake pads are small, replaceable blocks that attach to the brake calipers. They are typically made of a composite material that includes rubber and other additives to enhance their braking performance. Brake pads are directly pressed against the sides of the wheel rims when the brake levers are squeezed, creating friction and converting the bike's kinetic energy into heat, which slows down the bike. The brake pads have a flat surface that comes in contact with the wheel rim, providing an optimal braking surface. Over time, due to wear, brake pads may need to be replaced to maintain consistent and effective braking.

Brake Shoes:

Brake shoes, on the other hand, are typically used in older or specialized road bikes that feature rim brakes with a different design. They consist of metal arms or brackets that hold the brake pads. The brake shoes are mounted on the brake calipers, which are attached to the bike frame or fork. When the brake levers are engaged, the brake shoes move inward, bringing the brake pads in contact with the wheel rims, generating friction and slowing down the bike. Unlike brake pads, which can be easily replaced by removing and installing new pads, brake shoes often require the entire shoe assembly to be replaced when the pads wear out.

Both brake pads and brake shoes are vital for the safety and control of a road bike. They need to be in good condition, properly aligned, and have sufficient grip on the wheel rims to ensure reliable and responsive braking performance. Regular inspection, maintenance, and replacement, if necessary, are essential for optimal braking efficiency and rider safety.